Test_11

Test_11

1、简述DNS服务器原理，并搭建主-辅服务器。

DNS：Domain Name System 域名系统,应用层协议,是互联网的一项服务。它作为将域名和IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库，能够使人更方便地访问互联网基于C/S架构，服务器端：53/udp, 53/tcp 客服端访问一个FQDN，并将该请求发送给本地的域名服务器，当本地的域名服务器收到请求后，就先查询本地的缓存，如果有该纪录项，则本地的域名服务器就直接把查询的结果返回。如果本地的缓存中没有该纪录，则本地域名服务器就直接把请求发给根域名服务器，然后根域名服务器再返回给本地域名服务器一个所查询域(根的子域) 的主域名服务器的地址。本地服务器再向上一步返回的域名服务器发送请求，然后接受请求的服务器查询自己的缓存，如果没有该纪录，则返回相关的下级的域名服务器的地址。以此类推直到找到正确的纪录。本地域名服务器把返回的结果保存到缓存，以备下一次使用，同时还将结果返回给客户机。

#搭建主DNS（IP 10.0.0.38） yum install bind bind-utils -y # bind-ulits 是依赖包 systemctl start named #编写配置文件 [root@C8-38-DNS-Server~]#sed -n '10,20p' /etc/named.conf options { // listen-on port 53 { localhost; }; listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; directory "/var/named"; dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db"; statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt"; secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots"; recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing"; // allow-query { localhost; }; allow-transfer { 10.0.0.98; }; #添加区域 [root@C8-38-DNS-Server~]#sed -n '46,49p' /etc/named.rfc1912.zones zone "magedu.org" IN { type master; file "magedu.org.zone"; }; #编写文件，且将从服务器10.0.0.98 的NS 和A 记录写入 [root@C8-38-DNS-Server~]#vim /var/named/magedu.org.zone $TTL 1D @ IN SOA ns1 admin.magedu.org. ( 20210711 1D 1H 1W 3H ) NS ns1 NS ns2 sh NS ns3 ns1 A 10.0.0.38 ns2 A 10.0.0.98 ns3 A 10.0.0.128 CNAME websrv websrv A 10.0.0.78 websrv A 10.0.0.88 * A 10.0.0.78 @ A 10.0.0.88 @ MX 10 mailsrv @ MX 20 mailsrv2 mailsrv A 10.0.0.78 mailsrv2 A 10.0.0.88 #从服务器的搭建 [root@C8-98-slave-DNS ~]# rpm -q bind bind-9.11.26-4.el8_4.x86_64 [root@C8-98-slave-DNS ~]# rpm -q bind-utils bind-utils-9.11.26-4.el8_4.x86_64 [root@C8-98-slave-DNS ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld [root@C8-98-slave-DNS ~]# systemctl enable --now named [root@C8-98-slave-DNS ~]# grep -A 6 'magedu.org' /etc/named.rfc1912.zones zone "magedu.org" IN { type slave; masters {10.0.0.38;}; file "slave/magedu.org.zone.slave"; }; #修改配置文件 [root@C8-98-slave-DNS ~]# grep -A 10 '^options' /etc/named.conf options { // listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; }; listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; directory "/var/named"; dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db"; statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt"; secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots"; recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing"; // allow-query { localhost; }; allow-transfer { none; }; #从服务器自动获取数据库文件 [root@C8-98-slave-DNS named]# ls /var/named/slaves/ magedu.org.zone.slave [root@C8-89-slave-DNS named]# \rm /var/named/slaves/magedu.org.zone.slave [root@C8-98-slave-DNS named]# rndc reload server reload successful [root@C8-98-slave-DNS named]# ls /var/named/slaves/ [root@C8-98-slave-DNS named]# ls /var/named/slaves/ [root@C8-98-slave-DNS named]# systemctl restart named [root@C8-98-slave-DNS named]# ls /var/named/slaves/ magedu.org.zone.slave [root@C8-98-slave-DNS named]# #客服端用从DNS服务器来测试 [root@c7-117-dns-client ~]# dig magedu.org @10.0.0.98 ; <<>> DiG 9.11.4-P2-RedHat-9.11.4-26.P2.el7_9.5 <<>> magedu.org @10.0.0.98 ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 6207 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;magedu.org. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: magedu.org. 86400 IN CNAME websrv.magedu.org. websrv.magedu.org. 86400 IN A 10.0.0.78 websrv.magedu.org. 86400 IN A 10.0.0.88 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: magedu.org. 86400 IN NS ns1.magedu.org. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns1.magedu.org. 86400 IN A 10.0.0.38 ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; SERVER: 10.0.0.98#53(10.0.0.98) ;; WHEN: Sun Jul 11 17:20:30 CST 2021 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 130

2、搭建并实现智能DNS。

需要五台主机 DNS主服务器和web服务器1：192.168.8.8/24，172.16.0.8/16 web服务器2：192.168.8.7/24 web服务器3：172.16.0.7/16 DNS客户端1：192.168.8.6/24 DNS客户端2：172.16.0.6/16 #配置两个IP地址 #eth0：192.168.8.8/24 #eth1: 172.16.0.8/16 ip a 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000   link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00   inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever   inet6 ::1/128 scope host       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000   link/ether 00:0c:29:f9:8d:90 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff   inet 192.168.8.8/24 brd 192.168.8.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever   inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fef9:8d90/64 scope link       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth1: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000   link/ether 00:0c:29:f9:8d:11 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff   inet 172.16.0.8/16 brd 172.16.0.255 scope global noprefixroute eth1       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever   inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe11:8d90/64 scope link       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever         # 主DNS服务端配置文件实现view yum install bind -y vim /etc/named.conf #在文件最前面加下面行 acl beijingnet {    192.168.8.0/24; }; acl shanghainet {    172.16.0.0/16; }; acl othernet {   any; }; #注释掉下面两行 // listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; }; // allow-query     { localhost; }; # 创建view view beijingview {     match-clients { beijingnet;};   include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones.bj"; }; view shanghaiview {   match-clients { shanghainet;};   include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones.sh"; }; view otherview {   match-clients { othernet;};   include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones.other"; }; include "/etc/named.root.key"; #实现区域配置文件 vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones.bj zone "." IN {   type hint;   file "named.ca"; }; zone "magedu.org" {   type master;   file "magedu.org.zone.bj"; }; vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones.sh zone "." IN {   type hint;   file "named.ca";   }; zone "magedu.org" {   type master;   file "magedu.org.zone.sh"; }; vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones.other zone "." IN {   type hint;   file "named.ca"; }; zone "magedu.org" {   type master;   file "magedu.org.zone.other"; }; chgrp named /etc/named.rfc1912.zones.bj chgrp named /etc/named.rfc1912.zones.sh chgrp named /etc/named.rfc1912.zones.other #创建区域数据库文件 vim /var/named/magedu.org.zone.bj $TTL 1D @   IN SOA master admin.magedu.org. (                   2019042214 ; serial                   1D ; refresh                   1H ; retry                   1W ; expire                   3H )   ; minimum           NS   master master     A   192.168.8.8 websrv     A   192.168.8.7                                 CNAME websrv vim /var/named/magedu.org.zone.sh $TTL 1D @   IN SOA master admin.magedu.org. (                   2019042214 ; serial                   1D ; refresh                   1H ; retry                   1W ; expire                   3H )   ; minimum           NS   master master     A   192.168.8.8 websrv     A   172.16.0.7                                 CNAME websrv vim /var/named/magedu.org.zone.other $TTL 1D @   IN SOA master admin.magedu.org. (                   2019042214 ; serial                   1D ; refresh                   1H ; retry                   1W ; expire                   3H )   ; minimum                             NS   master master     A   192.168.8.8 websrv     A   127.0.0.1                                 CNAME websrv chgrp named /var/named/magedu.org.zone.bj chgrp named /var/named/magedu.org.zone.sh chgrp named /var/named/magedu.org.zone.other systemctl start named         #第一次启动服务 rndc reload                   #不是第一次启动服务 #实现位于不同区域的三个WEB服务器 #分别在三台主机上安装http服务 #在web服务器1：192.168.8.8/24实现 yum install                         echo magedu.org in Other > /var/www/html/index.html systemctl start   #在web服务器2：192.168.8.7/16 echo magedu.org in Beijing > /var/www/html/index.html systemctl start   #在web服务器3：172.16.0.7/16 yum install                         echo magedu.org in Shanghai > /var/www/html/index.html systemctl start   #客户端测试 #分别在三台主机上访问 #DNS客户端1：192.168.8.6/24 实现，确保DNS指向192.168.8.8 curl magedu.org magedu.org in Beijing #DNS客户端2：172.16.0.6/16 实现，确保DNS指向172.16.0.8 curl magedu.org magedu.org in Shanghai #DNS客户端3：192.168.8.8 实现，，确保DNS指向127.0.0.1 curl magedu.org magedu.org in Other

3、通过编译、二进制安装MySQL5.7多实例

yum install mariadb-server Systemctl start mariadb mkdir  -pv /mysql/{3306,3307,3308}/{data,etc,socket,log,bin,pid} chown  -R mysql.mysql /mysql mysql_install_db  --datadir=/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql mysql_install_db  --datadir=/mysql/3307/data --user=mysql mysql_install_db  --datadir=/mysql/3308/data --user=mysql cp /etc/my.cnf /mysql/3306/etc/ vim /mysql/3306/etc/my.cnf [mysqld] #加此行，如果port是3306可省略此行 port=3306   datadir=/mysql/3306/data/ socket=/mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock [mysqld_safe] log-error=/mysql/3306/log/mariadb.log pid-file=/mysql/3306/pid/mariadb.pid #重复上面步骤设置3307，3308   vim /mysql/3306/bin/mysqld #!/bin/bash port=3306 mysql_user="root" mysql_pwd="magedu" cmd_path="/usr/bin" mysql_basedir="/mysql" mysql_sock="${mysql_basedir}/${port}/socket/mysql.sock" function_start_mysql() {    if [ ! -e "$mysql_sock" ];then     printf "Starting MySQL...\n"      ${cmd_path}/mysqld_safe --defaultsfile=${mysql_basedir}/${port}/etc/my.cnf &> /dev/null &    else     printf "MySQL is running...\n"                  exit    fi } function_stop_mysql() {    if [ ! -e "$mysql_sock" ];then       printf "MySQL is stopped...\n"       exit    else       printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"       ${cmd_path}/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_user} -p${mysql_pwd} -S ${mysql_sock} shutdown   fi } function_restart_mysql() {   printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"   function_stop_mysql    sleep 2   function_start_mysql } case $1 in start)   function_start_mysql ;; stop)   function_stop_mysql ;; restart)   function_restart_mysql ;; *)   printf "Usage: ${mysql_basedir}/${port}/bin/mysqld {start|stop|restart}\n" esac #重复上述过程，分别建立3307，3308的启动脚本 /mysql/3306/bin/mysqld  start /mysql/3307/bin/mysqld  start /mysql/3308/bin/mysqld  start /mysql/3306/bin/mysqld  start mysql -uroot -S /mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock mariadb>show variables like ‘port’  #确认连接的端口 mysqladmin -uroot -S /mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock password 'magedu'  #加上新口令 #或者登录mysql,执行下面也可以 Mariadb>update mysql.user set password=password(“centos”) where user=’root’; Mariadb>flush privileges; #重复步骤，分别修改别外两个实例3307，3308对应root口令 #测试 mysql -uroot -S /mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock –p #提示输入口令才能登录

4、整理MySQL数据类型

数值型： 整数 小数 字符型： 变长 定长 日期时间型

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